Groundwater budgeting of Nari and Gaj formations and groundwater mapping of Karachi, Pakistan
نویسندگان
چکیده
Abstract Groundwater depletion is an emerging problem worldwide due to changes in climate and increase urbanization. Two significant water-bearing formations, the Oligocene-aged Nari Miocene-aged Gaj, were utilized as a case study exposed near Karachi, Pakistan. budgeting was performed through classical equation. The inflow of groundwater formations calculated by thermo-pluviometric data water loss Hub Dam. potential evapotranspiration (PET) Thornthwaite method. from Dam estimated using 20 years annual removing PET. total mean 2414.12 US Gallons per Second (gps). outflow calculation usage for industries domestic purposes 5562.61 gps deficit 3148.5 gps. research composed validating budget. Direct Current Electrical Resistivity (DCER) static level existing industrial wells used maps. DCER indicates A-Type K-Type sub-surface with high resistivity three-layer model. average table residential areas 2019 60 m 130 m. oscillation over last budget shows alarming condition future. If same scenario persists, then 2025, will decline up 140
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Applied Water Science
سال: 2022
ISSN: ['2190-5495', '2190-5487']
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-022-01795-0